【英文】英国智库报告：阿富汗战争中双方资金来源与对和平的影响报告（45页）

Ziranj and Chakhansur prevents the move into desert  areas in other parts of the province.32 Historically,  reports of any government efforts to prohibit and  eradicate opium poppy cultivation in Nimroz have  been exaggerated and unverified.33 Cannabis is not  grown in the province. With relatively low levels of  poppy cultivation in Nimroz in 2020, and farmgate  prices of $87.5 per kg, our calculations indicate that  the opium poppy crop would have had a gross value of  $11.4 million in 2020 (see Annex).  Of much greater importance to the drugs economy  of Nimroz than opium production has been an  32 Ramin (2015) ‘Ministry in quest of funds for completing vital dam project’, Pajhwok Afghan News, 29 November  (www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/11/29/ministry-quest-funds-completing-vital-dam-project). 33 SIGAR (2018) ‘Counternarcotics: lesson from the US experience in Afghanistan’, pp. 88–91. Arlington, VA: Special Inspector  General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-18-52-LL.pdf). 34 Rempfer, K. (2018) ‘Airstrikes against Taliban drugs labs extend to western Afghanistan’, Military Times. 10 April  (www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2018/04/10/airstrikes-against-taliban-drug-labs-extend-to-western-afghanistan); 

Khaama  (2019) ‘NDS special force storm Taliban hideout, prison and drug lab in Nimroz province’, 14 March (www.khaama.com/ndsspecial-force-storm-taliban-hideout-prison-and-drug-lab-in-nimroz-province-03483). 35 BBC News (2019) ‘US meth lab strikes in Afghanistan killed at least 30 civilians, says UN’, 9 October (www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-asia-49984804); Mansfield, D. and Soderholm, A. (2019) ‘New airstrikes obscure a dramatic development in the Afghan  drugs industry – the proliferation of low cost methamphetamine’. London School of Economics (LSE) blog, 28 May  (https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2019/05/28/new-us-airstrikes-obscure-a-dramatic-development-in-the-afghan-drugsindustry-the-proliferation-of-low-cost-methamphetamine). increasing concentration of drugs processing in the  district of Khashrud. Closely linked to the growth of  both heroin and methamphetamine production in  neighbouring Bakwa (Farah province), the area has  rapidly become a market hub for both the production  and trade of illegal drugs – so much so that both  Khashrud and Bakwa were targets for the USFOR-A  aerial bombing of heroin labs in April 2018,34 and of  methamphetamine labs in May 2019.