【英文】美中经济和安全审查委员会2022年报告（785页）

英文研究报告 2022年12月06日 07:12 管理员

China outcompetes the United States in commercializing new technologies due to a combination of supportive policies, including government subsidies, low wages, and lax environmental regula- tions, all of which lower the costs associated with prototyping and scaling up new scientifc breakthroughs.194 By contrast, the United States has a competitive advantage in basic research, or research into foundational scientifc questions, which is driven by private and federally funded research institutes, public and private R&D spending, and a strong university system to cultivate talent in crit- ical disciplines. The United States also invests in applied research and technology commercialization through industry-university part- nerships, direct government support for technology startups, and a healthy venture capital and private startup ecosystem.195 With 17 national laboratories, the U.S. Department of Energy has developed one of the world’s largest scientifc research networks, connecting universities, industry, foundations, and public entities to develop both foundational and commercial research.

Between 2010 and 2019, U.S. companies fled about 20 percent of global low-carbon technology patents while China accounted for about 8 percent.197 The United States is also competing with other countries in this area, as European countries and Japan respectively fled 28 and 25 percent of total low-carbon technology patents during the same time period.198 The U.S. advantage in clean energy technology invention and basic research has not been accompanied by equally strong capabilities in commercialization, scaleup, and mass production.199 U.S. leadership in basic research for clean energy technology im-plies that Chinese frms in the clean energy technology industry will continue to prioritize access to U.S. intellectual property through licit and illicit means. Like in the case of the U.S.-invented silicon solar cell, there is a continued risk that U.S. innovations will become commercialized in China, reducing the benefts to U.S. industry and ultimately eroding the economic foundation through which industry invests in innovation.