【英文】美中经济和安全审查委员会2022年报告（785页）

China outcompetes the United States in commercializing new  technologies due to a combination of supportive policies, including  government subsidies, low wages, and lax environmental regula- tions, all of which lower the costs associated with prototyping and  scaling up new scientifc breakthroughs.194 By contrast, the United  States has a competitive advantage in basic research, or research  into foundational scientifc questions, which is driven by private  and federally funded research institutes, public and private R&D  spending, and a strong university system to cultivate talent in crit- ical disciplines. The United States also invests in applied research  and technology commercialization through industry-university part- nerships, direct government support for technology startups, and a  healthy venture capital and private startup ecosystem.195 With 17  national laboratories, the U.S. Department of Energy has developed  one of the world’s largest scientifc research networks, connecting  universities, industry, foundations, and public entities to develop  both foundational and commercial research.

Between 2010 and  2019, U.S. companies fled about 20 percent of global low-carbon  technology patents while China accounted for about 8 percent.197 The United States is also competing with other countries in this  area, as European countries and Japan respectively fled 28 and 25  percent of total low-carbon technology patents during the same time  period.198 The U.S. advantage in clean energy technology invention  and basic research has not been accompanied by equally strong capabilities in commercialization, scaleup, and mass production.199 U.S. leadership in basic research for clean energy technology im-plies that Chinese frms in the clean energy technology industry will  continue to prioritize access to U.S. intellectual property through  licit and illicit means. Like in the case of the U.S.-invented silicon  solar cell, there is a continued risk that U.S. innovations will become  commercialized in China, reducing the benefts to U.S. industry and  ultimately eroding the economic foundation through which industry  invests in innovation.