【英文】美国智库报告：中国崛起为超级大国：图解对比中美俄（68页）

The US and China consolidated their positions as R&D  powers while the EU lost some ground  Real growth in R&D in the OECD area in 2020 was  primarily driven by growth in the United States at 5%, in  contrast with R&D expenditures in Germany and Japan,  which declined at -5.3% and -2.7% respectively. In the  EU27 area, business R&D performance was the principal  source of the aggregate fall in R&D.  In other words, if European business R&D performance  had been on a par with the United States, its overall R&D  performance would have been more similar. 

The structure  of business R&D in the EU is more concentrated in  industries that have been more negatively impacted by the  COVID-19 crisis, as noted further below.  China’s reported R&D expenditure grew by 9% in 2020, a  figure comparable with previous years. The implications  for comparisons with respect to the United States depend  on how figures in different countries are adjusted for  differences in purchasing power (PPP) for R&D  investments.  If forthcoming revisions to PPP conversion rates turn out  as on previous occasions, China’s R&D expenditure gap  with respect to the United States would have remained  stable, with China’s R&D expenditure at close to 74% of  that of the United States.