【英文】彼得森国际经济研究所报告：新冠肺炎疫苗供应链如何出现（60页）

Pfizer and BioNTech had begun setting up their vaccine supply chains much  earlier. Production would initially take place through a web of existing plants,  most of them belonging to Pfizer (figure 2).12 To start, Pfizer developed the first  stage of the drug product (DNA plasmids) at a plant in Missouri. These plasmids  were then frozen, packed, and shipped to two plants—a Pfizer facility in Andover,  Massachusetts, and a BioNTech site in Mainz. At those plants, the DNA was  turned into the mRNA—the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Bags of filtered  mRNA were then sent to two additional sites for the last stage of formulation,  fill and finish. The Andover mRNA was sent to a Pfizer plant in Michigan, and  the Mainz mRNA was sent to a Pfizer facility in Puurs, Belgium. From there, the  vaccine vials were packaged and distributed. The formulation prepared at the facilities in Michigan and Belgium required  vast supplies of lipid nanoparticles to combine with the mRNA. The lipids had  their own specialized supply chains. BioNTech licensed technology from Acuitas,  a Canadian firm, but the lipids were then manufactured at scale elsewhere.  

Pfizer’s lipids were produced by Avanti Polar Lipids of Alabama, a subsidiary  of the British company, Croda, under a five-year contract signed in November.  Croda also had a plant in Snaith in the United Kingdom; the Telegraph reported  that it was the source for the essential lipid nanoparticles used by Pfizer in  the Belgian plant.13 This finding is consistent with the data illustrating a sharp  increase in UK exports of lipids, first to Belgium and then to Germany in early  2021 (figure 3). The Financial Times later reported that this flow of exports from  Britain was the input dependence that kept the European Commission from  imposing export restrictions on AstraZeneca vaccines in early 2021, involving  a dispute described below.14 BioNTech subsequently contracted with firms like  Evonik and Merck KGaA to manufacture lipids at facilities within the European  Union, not just the United Kingdom, perhaps out of growing concern that UK–EU  tensions over the AstraZeneca vaccine would put their supply chains at risk.