【英文】斯坦福报告：2019年人工智能指数（291页）

Machine Learning (ML) is one of the most active  research areas in AI. Within ML, Deep Learning  (DL) approaches have become increasingly popular  in recent years. The number of deep learning (DL)  papers published on arXiv is increasing across  regions. The frst chart (Figure 1.7a) shows that North  America published the largest volume of DL papers,  followed by Europe in 2018. The volume of DL papers  from East Asia reached the same level as Europe in  2018.  Deep Learning Papers on arXiv The following graphs show the ranking of countries  with the largest volume of DL papers (Figure 1.7b)  as well as the associated per capita DL papers  (Figure 1.7c). Singapore, Switzerland, Australia,  Israel, Netherlands, and Luxembourg have relatively  high per capita DL papers published on arXiv. More  details on methodology (see Technical Appendix) and  detailed country chart.

In order to provide a deeper sectoral decomposition  of AI skill penetration across sectors and countries,  the following sample top fve sectors with the  highest AI skill penetration globally are chosen:  Software & IT Services, Hardware and Networking,  Education, Finance, and Manufacturing (Figure 4.1.6).  India, the US, France, China, and Israel are frequently  among the top countries in AI Skill Penetration  across all countries. The US ranks in the top 5  countries for AI skill penetration across all sectors.  As noted earlier, the large labor pool in India and  its IT skills provide hope for cautious optimism as  AI could become a driver for occupational diversity,  jobs and growth. China only shows up in the top 5  ranking in the education-related skill penetration.  Other pockets of specialization worth highlighting  include Norway and Israel in AI skills in Software and  IT; Norway, France, and Sweden in Hardware and  Networking; France, Israel, and Sweden in hardware  and networking as well as manufacturing; Spain and  Switzerland in education; and the UK and Canada in  fnance.

Which countries exhibit relatively higher AI skill intensity  by gender? The chart below presents the ranking of  countries based on AI skill penetration for female and male  labor pools (Figure 4.1.7).10 Two trends are worth noting.  First, men tend to report AI skills across more occupations  than women in all countries in the sample. Second, while  countries with high AI skill penetration for men are more  likely to exhibit high AI skill penetration for women as well,  this pattern is not universal. Some European countries  --including the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France-- rank signifcantly higher when considering only women  than when considering men. More granularly, the results  indicate that the average occupation held by women in  India exhibits over 2.6 times the global average AI skill  penetration, while the average occupation held by men in  India is 2.7 times the global average AI skill penetration.  In terms of AI skill reported for women, India is followed  by the US (1.5), Netherlands (1), Switzerland (0.94), and  France (0.90). For example, India has 55 occupations  where women report AI skills whereas men report AI skills  in 127 occupations in 2015-2018.