【英文】加州大学报告：中国的科技创新强国之路（118页）

A good starting point in assessing China’s achievement in S&T during the 2016-2020  period is to look at the goals it set out for itself, which are encapsulated in the 13th FYP  and the 13th FYP for S&T Innovation (13th S&T FYP). It should be noted that these are not  the only S&T-related plans promulgated by China during this period. The 13th FYP  contains a total of 22 sub-FYPs for special projects and industries.3 In addition, Made in  China 2025, Internet+, and action plans for artificial intelligence (AI), 5G, additive  manufacturing, and semiconductors, were released during the period covered by the  13th FYP, and all touch on various aspects of S&T development.4 The IDDS was also  released in 2016 and includes many of the same aspirations for S&T innovation that  appear in the 13th FYP. This section focuses on the 13th FYP and the 13th S&T FYP.Basic R&D spending as a percentage of overall R&D is perhaps the more  interesting story in that it has increased far less than overall R&D spending and  pales in comparison to the United States, where it accounts for 16.6 percent of  R&D spending. 

This is possibly the most remarkable failure of the 13th FYP and  is probably the reason there is so much emphasis in the 14th FYP on raising the  levels of both basic R&D spending and enterprise participation. China significantly exceeded its targets by a large margin in four respects. The  operating revenue of high-tech enterprises not only surpassed its own target by  more than 50 percent but nearly doubled since 2015. Internet penetration also  vastly exceeded what was expected for 2020, and, since it is approaching 100  percent, is probably the reason this indicator was not included in the 14th FYP.  S&T contract sums were also much higher than expected.  Another significant milestone has been China’s ascendance to the world’s top  spot in the number of patents filed, with Huawei the global leader in patent  filing for individual firms for the fourth consecutive year • China has also done very well in raising the number of citations of its  publications in S&T. It is second overall, behind the United States by a narrow  margin (31.4 to 32.9 percent), but it is first in eight disciplines, including engineering, chemistry, the environment, and ecology. Moreover, four Chinese universities are ranked in the top 10; the Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks  number one.